Comments on Student’s Critique Free Essays

Investment Account Essay Example for Free

Venture Account Essay What is the significance of Al-Awfar? Al-Awfar implies â€Å"prosperous investment†. 3. What is the distinction between Al-Awfar Savings Account and Investment Account-I and the typical Bank Islam Savings Account-I and General Investment Account-I (GIA)? Al-Awfar Savings and Investment Account-I is a compensating account that offers a large group of extra highlights, which incorporate expected Mudharabah returns on reserve funds and ventures (assuming any). This is notwithstanding the chance to get money prizes from the bank through a quarterly prize draw. 4. Is Al-Awfar Saving and Investment Account-I a type of betting? NO. Al-Awfar Savings and Investment Account-I is liberated from any components of betting. 5. Is Al-Awfar Savings and Investment Account-I Shariah-consistent? Truly. The Shariah Supervisory Council of Bank Islam affirmed this item in its 102nd gathering dated seventh April 2008 (30 Rabiulawal 1429H). 6. Are prize attracts permitted by the Shariah Law? Indeed. Prize draws are allowed if there is no components of riba (usury), gharar (vulnerability) and maysir (betting). 7. What is the premise on the passability of attract Islam? 1. Al-Quran, in Surah Ali ‘Imran section 44 This is a piece of the updates on the Ghaib (concealed, I. e. the updates on the past countries of which you have no information) which We rouse you with (O Muhammad ). You were not with them, when they make bets with their pens regarding which of them ought to be accused of the consideration of Maryam (Mary); nor were you with them when they questioned. . Is the draw acted in a way that is straightforward to general society? Indeed. There is an outside free draw advisory group who will watch the draw procedure. 9. What is the contrast between Al-Awfar Savings and Investment Account-I and other competitors’ item? Al-Awfar Saving and Investment Account-I is the primary result of its sort presented by an Islamic bank, which meets all Shariah prerequisites. 10. Where does Bank Islam contribute the assets stored by clients? Bank Islam puts the reserve in Shariah-agreeable speculations pproved by the bank’s Shariah Supervisory Council. 11. Can the money prizes got be utilized for Ibadah purposes, e. g. playing out the Hajj and Umrah or parted with as Zakat and Sadaqah? Indeed. The money prizes originate from a Halal source. After accepting the money prize, the client is allowed to utilize it for any reason 12. Are the money prizes taken from the benefit earned through Al-Awfar Savings and Investment Account-I? NO. The money prizes are given by the Bank and are not explicitly gotten from benefits of Al-Aw far Savings and Investment Account-I.

Appealing To Your Reader In A Persuasive Essay

<h1>Appealing To Your Reader In A Persuasive Essay</h1><p>In request to compose a persuading, enticing paper in Spanish, you have to get familiar with the entirety of the right standards of claim. Engaging your peruser in a powerful paper is tied in with causing the peruser to tune in to what you need to say.</p><p></p><p>The initial step to language learning is communicating in the language itself, so you can collaborate with the individual who will peruse the exposition and communicate in the language with them. While talking, you should be drawing in, legit, energetic, and so on. You should have the option to talk, compose, and read Spanish smoothly so as to be fruitful at powerful article composing understudy tests, 2.</p><p></p><p>Good convincing exposition composing understudy tests will tell you the best way to best communicate in the language and build up the entirety of the reasons why the peruser ought to dec ide to peruse the paper. Remember that the individual perusing your paper ought to hear you talk. They are tuning in to you, and you have to ensure that you give them the entirety of the data that they have to settle on their choice on your essay.</p><p></p><p>In request to discover convincing paper, you should do some exploration. There are numerous assets accessible online that can assist you with finding enticing exposition composing understudy tests, 2 that will assist you with learning the entirety of the fundamental things to do.</p><p></p><p>There are two kinds of influential articles: powerful papers in English and convincing papers in Spanish. Both of these sorts of exposition composing understudies tests can enable you to comprehend what a convincing article is, and why it is so critical to compose one.</p><p></p><p>A enticing paper will make the peruser need to purchase your item or tune in to your ad ministration and everything else you state. This is a generally excellent approach to get yourself accomplishment with an influential paper composing understudy tests, 2.</p><p></p><p>In request to compose an enticing exposition, you should locate a subject that is not the same as your ordinary subject and afterward expound on the theme. At that point you have to utilize numerous sections and utilize the powerful procedures, for example, the primary passage, the passages, the ends, and so forth. This is all piece of learning the specialty of influential paper composing understudy tests, 2.</p>

Secret Shortcuts to A Personal Narrative Essay Samples Only Very Few People Know About

<h1> Secret Shortcuts to A Personal Narrative Essay Samples Only Very Few People Know About </h1> <h2>Whatever They Told You About a Personal Narrative Essay Samples Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why </h2> <p>High school exposition composing is a successive study hall movement and is additionally part of a few ordinary assessments. At the point when it's a part of the school confirmations process, also, it is easy to discover anxious and experience a temporarily uncooperative mind. It is among the most incessant articles given as a task to understudies of unmistakable levels. A story exposition is accepted to be among the most well known assortments of errands that understudies get very frequently. </p> <p>Citations and concentrates from grouped sources must be arranged appropriately. The examples that could be refered to inside this sort of articles don't generally should be incredibly uncommon and anything commonplace can in like manner be com posed on it. Attempt to recollect that a serious extent of specifying is a component of all awesome account exposition models. Try not to disregard to clarify why your article matters. </p> <h2>The a Personal Narrative Essay Samples Pitfall </h2> <p>For this, it is important to think like the crowd on the grounds that the data which you present is the only one that they have. Subsequent to finding our site, you will no longer should trouble loved ones with these sorts of solicitations. At the point when you need a model composed by methods for an understudy look at our huge gathering of thoroughly free understudy models. Be careful with sharing some close to home subtleties. </p> <p>Rare or outstanding events of your life must be refered to in your paper since this is the core of an individual story article. Your biography may likewise be viewed as a fantastic point recorded as a hard copy your private exposition. </p> <p>If you are scanning for one, underneath is a rundown of point that may help you in your account exposition. It's conceivable to utilize story paper models secondary school to discover more. Same is valid for this sort of paper as well. The answer is in the short article. </p> <h2> If You Read Nothing Else Today, Read This Report on a Personal Narrative Essay Samples </h2> <p>Such a composing includes recounting to a story from your life that is appropriate to the subject you have in class. It's conceivable to either chase for the best ones on the web or locate an individual account that follows precisely the same subject as your own. Individual account models give light with respect to how you can create your own perfect work of art. Simply characterize the target of the story and endeavor to hold fast deeply. </p> <p>You encase things which happen around you. Each time you're mentioned to recount to a story you're anticipated to consider new, new thoughts. You will be in right now, and they'll genuinely feel that. Everything with that second was dim. </p> <h2>The Do's and Don'ts of a Personal Narrative Essay Samples </h2> <p>Bear as a main priority, no two individual accounts are ever actually precisely the same so find a way to bring a trace of your uncommon character. All of these parts needs to contain singular musings and unmistakable points. The freedom of decision is something which inconveniences numerous account paper authors. </p> <p>Outline the plot preceding beginning your composition. You won't ever get exhausted in the class of composing since it is like fuming every one of your contemplations in an academic and scholarly strategy. Regardless, it's consistently a great plan to focus on an occasion that had a urgent influence in your life. The idea of a convincing first-individual portrayal isn't the only one. </p> <h2>Personal Narrative Essay Samples Options </h2> <p>The cost of an article relies on the aggregate sum of exertion the author needs to apply. It is conceivable to likewise get various limits on our site which will assist you with saving some more cash for future requests or anything you need to spend them on. Our client assistance will happily reveal to you whether there are any extraordinary proposals right now, along with ensure you are getting the absolute best help our organization may convey. Moreover, a client may solicit the essayist to submit part from the activity for survey and, if necessary, request that they make remedies. </p> <p>Try to recall that despite the fact that story papers appear to be an extremely basic undertaking, it stays a task that ought to be prepared on schedule. The presentation of your paper can start with a snare. These models are gainf ul and will help you in knowing the rules and regulations of a fair account article. Compose more than 1 draft of your presentation and change the framework if essential. </p> <p>Writing a flourishing presentation requests a brief period and exertion, however the result will be fulfilling. On the off chance that you are encountering an intense time seeing how to form an individual story article, you shouldn't feel as a disappointment you have great business. Presently, invest a lot of energy in drafting your memories about the realities of your experience. Settle on the decision to discover some assistance. </p>

Essay on Going to College

<h1>Essay on Going to College</h1><p>For understudies who are going to set out on another section in their lives, composing a paper on heading off to college can be an unpleasant procedure. An exposition on setting off for college can enable you to figure out what school to join in, what school to apply to, and even which school to apply to. It additionally causes you comprehend what sort of understudy you are by featuring the qualities that make you the perfect understudy for each college.</p><p></p><p>All understudies realize that school is about change. They additionally realize that there is a gigantic contrast between being an undergrad understudy and attending a university full-time. All things considered, each understudy who has entered a school realizes that it is a foundation that sets them up for advanced education in an assortment of fields. As it were, one can't be an understudy at a school and hope to move to another foundation s ometime down the road without making a couple of changes. That is the reason paper composing enables an understudy to get ready for the progressions that accompany another college.</p><p></p><p>Essay composing isn't for everybody. On the off chance that you are taking a shot at a school application, you have to return to the planning phase and begin once more. Paper composing is a significant part of planning for another school. Regardless of what school you go to, you will require a decent exposition on going to college.</p><p></p><p>The first thing that you ought to do before beginning your paper is to discover what sort of thinking of you are generally alright with. In the event that you are in secondary school, your educators will most likely gladly show you how to compose a paper. In any case, in the event that you have decided to head off to college, you will need to assemble your own article. Your teacher will presumably have so me direction, however a school junior can just furnish you with a layout, not a thorough blueprint.</p><p></p><p>Once you know how you need to compose your article, the subsequent stage is to begin contemplating what you might want to state. Would you like to discuss your preferred piece of school? Is it the incredible individuals or the insane educators? What sort of clubs are you an individual from and what encounters drove you to turn into a member?</p><p></p><p>After you have chosen what you might want to state, you have to begin composing. There are a wide range of organizations for papers on heading off to college, and it is dependent upon you to choose which one you might want to utilize. While the essential organization is normally the equivalent over all composition, you may pick an alternate configuration for explicit subjects or for various universities. Pick the organization that best accommodates your experience and your c omposing style.</p><p></p><p>While you are considering the article on heading off to college, set aside effort to consider your school understanding. Was it a decent encounter or an awful one? What angles did you appreciate? Which angles did you dislike?</p>

Why People Believe in Conspiracy Theories

Why People Believe in Conspiracy Theories Basics Print Why People Believe in Conspiracy Theories By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 24, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on July 17, 2019 Verywell / Andrea Hickey More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In This Article Table of Contents Expand Explanations Effects Risks Reducing Conspiracy Beliefs View All Back To Top There has been a growing interest in recent years in why people believe in conspiracy theories. Recent controversial examples of such theories include the belief that terrorist attacks and mass shootings were staged events orchestrated by the U.S. government. Other examples include the belief that the pharmaceutical industry intentionally spreads diseases or that vaccines cause illness rather than prevent them. While it might seem like these beliefs are rare or even pathological, research has shown that they are surprisingly common. Polls suggest that over one-third of U.S. adults believe that global warming is a hoax. Another study found that half of all Americans believe in at least one conspiracy theory. What Is a Conspiracy Theory? A conspiracy theory can be defined as the belief that there are groups that meet in secret to plan and carry out malevolent goals. What explains this common and often deep-rooted belief that powerful, sinister, and secretive groups are conspiring to deceive others â€" particularly in a day and age where we have more access to information and facts that might debunk many of these ideas? Researchers suspect that there are a number of psychological mechanisms that contribute to these beliefs, many of which may be the result of evolutionary processes. In a world where you might feel powerless and alienated, it can be appealing to believe that there are forces plotting against your interests. Once these beliefs take root, cognitive biases and mental shortcuts reinforce and strengthen them. Many of the same factors that fuel other types of problematic thinking, such as a belief in the paranormal, also contribute to conspiracy theories. And while such paranoid ideas are not new, the internet has helped transform the way and the speed in which they are spread. In order to understand why people believe in these conspiracies, it is important to explore some of the psychological explanations and the potential effects these beliefs have. 10 Cognitive Biases That Distort Your Thinking Explanations Researchers suggest that there are a number of different reasons why people believe in conspiracy theories. Many of these explanations boil down to three key driving factors: A need for understanding and consistency (epistemic)A need for control (existential)A need to belong or feel special (social) Epistemic Reasons Epistemic explanations refer to the desire to derive certainty and understanding. The world can be a confusing place filled with events that may seem dangerous and chaotic. People are driven to explain the things that happen in the world around them. Doing so helps them build up a consistent, stable, and clear understanding of how the world works. Factors That Increase Conspiracy Belief: In situations involving large-scale events, where more mundane or small-scale explanations seem inadequateIn situations where people experience distress over uncertainty When people encounter disparate information, it is only natural to look for explanations that connect the dots. Conspiracy theories offer explanations that provide this connection. They also suggest that the underlying causes are hidden from public view. When confusing things happen, believers can then assume that it is because they are being intentionally deceived by outside forces. There is also a connection between conspiracy beliefs and educational levels. Lower educational status tends to be associated with higher levels of conspiracy belief. Having lower analytical abilities and less tolerance for uncertainty also play a role. As a result, people turn to conspiracy theories to provide explanations for events that seem confusing or frightening. The confirmation bias can also play a role in the development of conspiracy belief. People are naturally inclined to seek out information that confirms their existing beliefs. So when they run across a theory that supports something that they already think is true, they are more likely to believe the information is also true. How Your Brain Plays Tricks on You Existential Reasons There is also evidence that people turn to conspiracy theories as a way of feeling safer and more in control. When people feel threatened in some way, detecting sources of danger can be a way of coping with anxiety. What The Research Suggests: One study found that people who feel psychologically and sociopolitically disempowered are more likely to believe in conspiracy theories.Another study found that people are also more likely to believe in conspiracies when they are experiencing anxiety. While researchers understand these existential motivations, there is little evidence that believing in these theories actually helps people satisfy their need to feel control and autonomy. In fact, by believing in these theories, people may actually be less likely to engage in actions that would potentially boost their sense of control (such as voting or participating in political activity). So while people may be drawn to conspiracy theories as a way of making sense of the world and feeling more in control of their own destiny, the long-term effects may actually leave people feeling more disempowered than ever before. Social Reasons People can also be motivated to believe in conspiracy due to social reasons. Some researchers have hypothesized that by believing in conspiracies that cast out-groups as the opposition, people are able to feel better about themselves and their own social group. Those who believe in the conspiracy feel that they are the “heroes” of the story, while those who are conspiring against them are “the enemy.” People Believe In Conspiracies When: They are on the “losing” side of a political issueThey have a lower social status due to income or ethnicityThey have experienced social ostracismThey are prejudiced against “enemy” groups they perceive as powerful Such findings suggest that conspiracy belief might arise as a sort of defense mechanism. When people feel disadvantaged, they are motivated to find ways to boost their own self-perceptions. Blaming others by linking them to malevolent plots provides a scapegoat on which to lay blame, thus improving how conspiracy believers view themselves. The belief in conspiracies is also rooted in what is referred to as collective narcissism. This is the belief that your own social group is better, yet less appreciated, by other people. People who feel that they or their social group have been victimized are also less likely to believe in government institutions and more likely to believe in conspiracies. The way in which people encounter and share these ideas should also be noted. It’s easy to dismiss a story shared by a random source that you don’t trust. But when multiple people in your social circle who you do know and trust all seem to believe the same story, it starts to seem less like a silly conspiracy and more like a trusted fact. Sharing these kinds of stories within our networks gives social credence to such conspiratorial thinking. How Your Decisions Are Biased by the First Thing You Hear Effects While researchers have some good theories about why people believe in conspiracies, it is less clear what the ultimate effects of these beliefs are. What researchers have found is that while these beliefs are motivated by a desire to understand, exert control, and feel socially connected, these aren’t the effects people are deriving from their beliefs. Rather than fulfilling these needs, believing in conspiracies seems to reinforce feelings of confusion, isolation, disenfranchisement, and loneliness. It is a destructive cycle - negative feelings contribute to the belief in conspiracies, yet the belief in conspiracies results in negative feelings. Believing in conspiracy theories erodes people’s trust in their government, their leaders, and their institutions. It also diminishes trust in science and research itself. This distrust may discourage people from participating in their social worlds. It might also cause people to stop seeing themselves as valuable contributors to society. Rather than helping people cope with their feelings of social alienation and political disenfranchisement, conspiracy beliefs seem to create a cycle of distrust that leads to even greater disempowerment. Risks Believing in things that are not true poses a number of dangers, which can have real effects that impact individual behavior and ultimately have a ripple impact on society as a whole. A resurgence in Measles outbreaks in the U.S. has been largely attributed to a refusal by some individuals to vaccinate â€" a refusal that stems largely from the conspiratorial belief that vaccines cause autism and other health ailments. Failing to address dangerous misbeliefs presents a potential danger to public health and even the political process itself. Faulty beliefs lead can lead people to not vaccinate, not vote, or, in some rare cases, even engage in dangerous or violent behavior. 4 Sneaky Mental Biases That Can Affect Your Health Choices Overcoming Conspiracy Theory Beliefs In the age of disinformation, finding ways to refute conspiracy beliefs seems more important than ever. Social platforms claim to be buckling down on those who peddle and profit off of conspiracies, but is it really possible to change such views once they’ve taken root? One problem faced when trying to disprove conspiracy theories is that people who hold these beliefs also tend to suspect that there are factions engaged in covering up these activities. Those trying to debunk the mistaken beliefs are then viewed as simply being actors in the conspiracy itself. While it might be tempting to simply mock conspiracy theories, especially the more ridiculous ones, this usually causes believers to dig in their heels and deepen their commitment to their belief. Many factors that contribute to conspiratorial beliefs, such as educational background and personality, are not easily or quickly changed. Researchers have found one tactic, however, that is effective â€" encouraging believers to pursue their goals. People tend to take one of two approaches in the pursuit of goals. Those who are promotion-focused believe that they have the power and control to shape their future.People who are prevention-focused, on the other hand, are more focused on protecting what they already have rather than on achieving their goals. Feeling In Control Reduces Conspiratorial Thinking So what does this have to do with conspiracy beliefs? Researchers found that promotion-focused people were more skeptical and less likely to buy into conspiracies. Why? People who believe that the future hinges on their own actions have a great deal of personal agency and control. It is this sense of autonomy and agency that makes people less likely to believe in secret plots and nefarious plans. What the researchers also discovered was that giving people a nudge in the direction of a more promotion-focused mindset could actually reduce belief in conspiracies. In practical terms, promoting messages that help people feel more in control can minimize conspiratorial thinking. Write It Down Researchers had study participants write down their aspirations, which helped them focus on their goals and what they could do to achieve them. This simple activity encourages people to take a more promotion-focused mindset and reduces conspiracy belief. While researchers have been able to reduce conspiratorial thinking in the lab, how applicable is this in the real world? In workplace settings, managers might employ this strategy to help minimize water-cooler worries, office gossip, and interpersonal friction. Regular discussions that center on employee goals and strategies to achieve those goals can help keep workers feeling more in control and less subject to corporate whims. In terms of public health, organizations might start by promoting messages focused on realistic things people can do to take control of their own health. Building this sort of action-oriented mindset may help discourage belief in health-related conspiracies and build greater trust between medical organizations and health consumers. A Word From Verywell Conspiratorial thinking can be problematic and dangerous (Pizzagate, anyone?), but this does not mean that skepticism of institutions, marketing, and media messaging is not warranted. After all, not all conspiracies are false (the Tuskegee experiments and Iran-Contra are just a couple of examples). As you encounter information from various sources, it is important to be able to distinguish between false conspiracy theories and real threats to personal security. While it may be tempting to ridicule conspiracy believers, remember that these sort of beliefs are actually pretty common â€" you probably even believe in some of them. In a world where people feel the very real effects of power imbalances and distrust in leadership, conspiracy theories will naturally flourish, which means discouraging this type of thinking is not always easy. Dunning-Kruger Effect: Why Incompetent People Think They Are Superior

The Death of Topics for Argumentative Essay Middle School

<h1>The Death of Topics for Argumentative Essay Middle School </h1> <h2> The Upside to Topics for Argumentative Essay Middle School</h2> <p>After you have the point, answer the inquiry and after that help your answer with at least three clarifications for why you trust it. So ensure you settle regarding a matter, which has values in it. Frequently, the perfect theme is one which you really care about, however you additionally should get decidedly ready to investigate it. There are a couple of incredible subjects to consider when choosing a point for your contentious exposition. </p> <h2> Vital Pieces of Topics for Argumentative Essay Middle School </h2> <p>Think of one thing you're relied upon to learn in school that you don't think should be remembered for the educational program. Consider one school decide that you really disdain. In secondary school, you should pick the kind of point you will be in a situation to dive into that is, you should try to can find enough data on the control. You may approach your instructor for endorsement in case you're not sure which subject is additionally intriguing. </p> <h2> Choosing Good Topics for Argumentative Essay Middle School </h2> <p>Training to make expositions on different subjects will be the perfect planning to the test. Theory Statement Thesis articulation holds a lot of significance in any kind of exposition composing. To pick which subject you're probably going to talk about, it's critical to see the total assortment of good convincing discourse themes from the extraordinary region of study. Final expression of guidance is to ask your educator before the last choice about this issue determination for pugnacious papers. </p> <h2> The Battle Over Topics for Argumentative Essay Middle School and How to Win It</h2> <p>Writing factious exposition is a multifaceted undertaking, as it requires the nearness of numerou s abilities at exactly the same second. It is conceivable to try and gain reasonable ground while finishing in any case unremarkable assignments like driving. In the event that when you are setting up a report you simply dissect explicit writing, the article requests an incredible entrance into the issue. You ought to have your reasons, and our chief concern is that you end up getting an incredible evaluation. </p> <p>The most prominent contentious exposition composing administration on the web is a business that gives great quality and cheap assistance on pugnacious article and factious paper themes. It's workable for you to compose on anything on earth from charge Clinton to smoking peril, yet at the finish of the article on the off chance that your exposition isn't clear and justifiable, at that point there isn't any utilization of composing, so ensure you're composing a paper that is simple yet charming. The primary thought of your whole paper will be your theory art iculation. Second, talk what you shouldn't do rather than what ought to be finished. </p> <p>If you're in a school and wish to make a pugnacious article, you should choose a subject of high significance. Thusly, understudies may create diverse proposal for one of a kind subjects to form expositions on village. In this sort of circumstance, it's progressively advantageous to find instant expositions and use them for instance. In case you're composing a pugnacious exposition as a center school understudy you wish to verify you pick an extraordinary paper point. </p> <p>Presenting of the resistance contentions would assist with persuading the perusers that you have a flexible perception of this issue and that you're not underneath the impacts of any predisposition. At the point when you are mentioned to pick an extraordinary subject for your contention, start with something you're acquainted with. In the strategy for picking a theme, you additionally need to test your contention. Finding the most appropriate contentions can assist you with demonstrating you r point and win. </p> <h2> Definitions of Topics for Argumentative Essay Middle School </h2> <p>If you take a shot at an entangled subject not understanding where to move, there are numerous decisions to help. One of the absolute first things to consider is the thing that sort of paper you will compose. There are only a couple of things that characterize whether an exposition you're taking a shot at will be a decent one. Remember you may cause clever contentious articles on the off chance that you to do a couple of things. </p> <p>As a model, suppose in case you're expounding on language history exposition than you may need to consolidate the entirety of the data with respect to the history language on earth regardless of a particular area while in explicit language history article, you would talk about history of the language of a particular locale. Regardless, the lack of reasonable language structure causes the audience members to dispose of re gard to the speaker. In the event that you don't get a specific subject from your instructor, it implies that you can utilize your entire creative mind in selecting the subject. </p> <h2> The Characteristics of Topics for Argumentative Essay Middle School </h2> <p>By maintaining the above-given insights you will promptly understand an effective pugnacious paper. Along these lines, for your coursework, you're need to have the absolute best thoughts. Accordingly, it's critical to peruse comparing arranging guide.</p> <p>Usually, it does exclude references and statements in it. You're ready to pick subjects from a few arrangements of prepared topics. </p>